-no Raffles and stuff
-Tengku Hussain never smuggled out of Riau Islands (instead he departs to Terengganu), his brother Tengku Abdul Rahman rules Johor until his death despite bickering about his legitimacy
-as a result, Johor maintained intact with center of power in Lingga
-maintains crucial position due to trade, but maintains independence due to Anglo-Dutch competition
-when this competition ends due to Dutch diplomatic change during French Wars > Fourth French War (1880-4), French influence increases, Johor happily inclined to increase it
-allows it to maintain independence
-Johor successfully modernizes thanks to coal from Sultanate of Aceh Darussalam